Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
Understanding Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a serious but curable and preventable bacterial infection that primarily attacks the lungs. It is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
While TB is an ancient disease, modern medicine has made it highly manageable. Understanding the difference between "latent" and "active" TB is the first step toward protecting your health and the health of your community.
Latent TB vs. Active TB Disease
Latent TB Infection
The bacteria live in your body but are "asleep." You have no symptoms, you don't feel sick, and you cannot spread the bacteria to others. however, the bacteria can become active later if your immune system weakens.
Active TB Disease
The bacteria are awake and multiplying. This makes you feel sick, and you can spread the bacteria to others through the air (coughing, sneezing, or speaking).
Common Symptoms
TB develops slowly. You might have mild symptoms for weeks or even months before realizing something is wrong. Key signs include:
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Weight loss
Unintentional weight loss and loss of appetite.
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Fatigue
Fatigue or a general feeling of being unwell.​
How is TB Spread?
TB is airborne. When someone with active pulmonary TB coughs, speaks, or sings, tiny droplets containing the bacteria are released into the air. If you breathe in these droplets, you can become infected.
Important Note: You cannot get TB from shaking hands, sharing food or drink, touching bed linens, or sharing a toilet seat. It generally requires prolonged, close contact in an enclosed space.
Diagnosis:Test for TB
If you have been exposed to TB or have symptoms, your doctor will use several tools to reach a diagnosis:
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TB Skin Test (PPD): A small amount of fluid is injected under the skin of your arm. You return 48–72 hours later to see if there is a reaction.
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TB Blood Test (IGRA): A simple blood draw that measures how your immune system reacts to the bacteria.
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Chest X-ray: To look for tell-tale signs of TB, such as spots or cavities in the lungs.
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Sputum Test: Testing a sample of your mucus to see if the bacteria are present and which antibiotics will work best to kill them.
Treatment: The Path to a Cure
The most important thing to know about TB is that you must finish the entire course of medication. Treatment for TB takes much longer than a standard ear infection or sinus infection.
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Duration: Treatment typically lasts 6 to 9 months.
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Medications: A combination of several antibiotics (such as Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide) is used to ensure all the bacteria are killed.
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Completion is Key: If you stop taking the medicine too soon, the bacteria can become Drug-Resistant TB, which is much harder and more expensive to treat.
Living with TB and Protecting Others
If you are diagnosed with active TB, you will likely need to stay home from work or school for a few weeks until you are no longer contagious.
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Take your medicine exactly as prescribed. Use a pill organizer or phone alerts to stay on track.
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Cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
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Ensure good ventilation by opening windows to let fresh air circulate.
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Keep all follow-up appointments to monitor your progress and ensure the medication is working.
When to See a Specialist
You should be tested for TB if you have a persistent cough, have spent time with someone who has active TB, or have a weakened immune system (due to HIV, diabetes, or certain medications).